Do economic development and tourism heterogeneously influence ecological sustainability? Implications for sustainable development.

While economic development-driven anthropogenic emissions pose challenges to ecological sustainability, the international travel and tourism sector has appeared as a hot contestant to bring sustainability to the ecological systems across varying development levels. This work investigates the diversified effects of the international travel and tourism sector and economic development on ecological deterioration, in the presence of urban agglomeration and energy use efficiency, across the development levels of China's 30 provincial units from 2002 to 2019. It contributes in two ways. (i) The stochastic estimation of environmental impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology (STIRPAT) is modified to integrate the variables like international travel and tourism sector, urban agglomeration, and energy use efficiency. (ii) We measured an international travel and tourism sector index (ITTI) and made use of a continuously updated bias correction strategy (CUBCS) and a continuously updated fully modified strategy (CUFMS) for the long-term estimations. Besides, we used the bootstrapping-based causality technique for determining causality directions. The core results are as follows: Firstly, ITTI and economic development produced an inverse U-type association with ecological deterioration for the aggregate panels. Secondly, provinces exhibited a diverse range of links in that ITTI mitigated (boosted) the ecological deterioration in eleven (fourteen) provinces presenting diversified shapes of linkages. Economic development established the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) theory with ecological deterioration in merely four provinces; however, the non-EKC theory is verified in twenty-four divisions. Thirdly, in China's east zone (high development scale), the ITTI revealed the ecological deterioration reduction (promotion) impact in eight (two) provinces. China's central zone (moderate development scale) exhibited ecological deterioration promotion in half of the provinces, and the other half showed a reduction impact. In China's west zone (low development scale), it promoted ecological deterioration in eight provinces. Economic development promoted (reduced) ecological deterioration in a single (nine) province(s). In China's central zone, it boosted (mitigated) the ecological deterioration in five (three) provinces. In China's west zone, it promoted (reduced) ecological deterioration in eight (two) provinces. Fourthly, urban agglomeration and energy use efficiency deteriorated and improved the environmental quality in aggregated panels, respectively; however, a diverse range of effects are observed for provinces. Finally, a unilateral bootstrap causality, from ITTI (economic development) to ecological deterioration, is revealed in twenty-four (fifteen) provinces. A bilateral causality is established in a single (thirteen) province(s). Based on empirical findings, policies are suggested.

Source apportionment of water pollutants in the upstream of Yangtze River using APCS-MLR.

As the upper reach of the Yangtze River, the Jinsha River has experienced ecological degradation due to increased anthropogenic activities. The potential pollution sources affecting the Jinsha River watershed from 2016 to 2018 were investigated using an improved method in combination with correlation analysis and the absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression receptor modeling technique. Our results identified 5-7 potential pollution sources in the Jinsha main stream watershed and the Pudu, Niulan, and Yalong River watersheds of the Jinsha River. The water pollutant concentrations of the Jinsha main stream watershed were mainly influenced by environmental, agricultural, and human population factors. In the Pudu River watershed, the primary pollution sources changed to natural and sedimentary pollutant sources. It is necessary to control the sedimentary pollutants. The Niulan River watershed was also influenced by natural environment factors. Among those, mineral, sedimentary pollutant, and meteorological sources contributed the most to water quality. In the case of the Yalong River watershed, the influence of non-point source pollution caused by human activities and sedimentary pollutants was the main reason for the deterioration of the ecological environment. The multivariate statistical techniques presented good adaptability for the analysis of pollution sources in the Jinsha River watershed, and the results may be useful for the protection and management of the watershed eco-environment.

La protección del medio ambiente y la salud, un desafío social y ético actual / The environmental protection and health-a social and ethical challenge

Este trabajo tiene como propósito exponer la implicación de los seres humanos en el deterioro ambiental y cómo este contexto está repercutiendo negativamente en la salud, se aborda además, la influencia positiva de la educación ambiental en la conservación del entorno, a partir de la información disponible en anuarios y la revisión de resultados de investigaciones. El deterioro ecológico a nivel global en los últimos años se ha agudizado, esta situación ha sido provocada por el uso indiscriminado de los recursos naturales, unido al desinterés de los países responsables de estas dramáticas condiciones, que afectan a la naturaleza y por consiguiente a la sociedad y al ser humano, incluida su salud. Los países pobres y los que están en vías de desarrollo son los más afectados con la destrucción del medio ambiente, y al mismo tiempo, los gobiernos y pueblos democráticos y progresistas, con sus proyectos sociales humanistas son los que se enfrentan hoy con sus ideas y acciones al uso egoísta, desmedido y perjudicial del medio ambiente por los países poderosos. Constituye un reto acelerado para la humanidad mitigar los daños causados a la naturaleza, preservar los recursos naturales y la especie humana, lo que implica un comportamiento ético sustentado en valores morales humanistas y ecológicos integrados en la educación ambiental.

This paper was aimed at presenting the involvement of the human beings in the deterioration of environment and its negative impact in their health status; additionally, it dealt with the positive influence of environmental education in the preservation of the environment, taking as a basis the information available in yearbooks and the review of research outcomes. The ecological deterioration worldwide has become more acute in the last few years and this situation has been caused by indiscriminate use of the natural resources together with the lack of interest by the countries which are responsible for these serious conditions affecting nature, the society and the human being´s health. The poor countries and the developing nations are the most affected with the destruction of the environment. At the same time, the democratic and progressive governments and peoples face with their actions and ideas included in social humanistic projects the selfish and detrimental use of the environment by the powerful nations. Mitigating the damage to nature and preserving the natural resources as well as the human species is an urging challenge for the mankind, all of which requires humanistic moral and ecological values-supported ethical behaviour that should be integrated to the environmental education.

La protección del medio ambiente y la salud, un desafío social y ético actual / The environmental protection and health-a social and ethical challenge

Este trabajo tiene como propósito exponer la implicación de los seres humanos en el deterioro ambiental y cómo este contexto está repercutiendo negativamente en la salud, se aborda además, la influencia positiva de la educación ambiental en la conservación del entorno, a partir de la información disponible en anuarios y la revisión de resultados de investigaciones. El deterioro ecológico a nivel global en los últimos años se ha agudizado, esta situación ha sido provocada por el uso indiscriminado de los recursos naturales, unido al desinterés de los países responsables de estas dramáticas condiciones, que afectan a la naturaleza y por consiguiente a la sociedad y al ser humano, incluida su salud. Los países pobres y los que están en vías de desarrollo son los más afectados con la destrucción del medio ambiente, y al mismo tiempo, los gobiernos y pueblos democráticos y progresistas, con sus proyectos sociales humanistas son los que se enfrentan hoy con sus ideas y acciones al uso egoísta, desmedido y perjudicial del medio ambiente por los países poderosos. Constituye un reto acelerado para la humanidad mitigar los daños causados a la naturaleza, preservar los recursos naturales y la especie humana, lo que implica un comportamiento ético sustentado en valores morales humanistas y ecológicos integrados en la educación ambiental.(AU)

This paper was aimed at presenting the involvement of the human beings in the deterioration of environment and its negative impact in their health status; additionally, it dealt with the positive influence of environmental education in the preservation of the environment, taking as a basis the information available in yearbooks and the review of research outcomes. The ecological deterioration worldwide has become more acute in the last few years and this situation has been caused by indiscriminate use of the natural resources together with the lack of interest by the countries which are responsible for these serious conditions affecting nature, the society and the human being´s health. The poor countries and the developing nations are the most affected with the destruction of the environment. At the same time, the democratic and progressive governments and peoples face with their actions and ideas included in social humanistic projects the selfish and detrimental use of the environment by the powerful nations. Mitigating the damage to nature and preserving the natural resources as well as the human species is an urging challenge for the mankind, all of which requires humanistic moral and ecological values-supported ethical behaviour that should be integrated to the environmental education.(AU)